Growth Kinetics Studies of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for Bioethanol Production of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
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This study aims to analyze the growth kinetics of saccharomyces cerevisiae in the bioethanol production process based on oil palm empty fruit bunch waste. Growth kinetics parameters are an important basis for fermentor design, especially the maximum growth rate constant to determine the minimum biomass residence time. The minimum biomass residence time is a critical point for fermentor operation in processing empty oil palm fruit bunches into bioethanol. This research was the laboratory experimental research method with a quantitative approach. The result in this research shows the growth kinetics parameters of saccharomyces cerevisiae have been successfully determined to produce the highest bioethanol at 5% KOH variation. Kinetic analysis established a substrate saturation coefficient (KS) of 28.195 g/L under the S < 10 K criterion, alongside a maximum specific growth rate (mM) of 0.00073 hour?¹. Furthermore, the process demonstrated a biomass yield (Yx/S) of 0.053 g/g and a product yield (YP/S) of 2.96 g/g, culminating in a final bioethanol productivity of 0.41 g/L·h. Therefore, these growth kinetics parameters can be used in designing a fermentor system for processing empty oil palm fruit bunches into bioethanol.
##Keywords:##
Bioethanol, Growth kinetics, Palm empty fruit bunches,Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Published
Jul 30, 2026
How to Cite
AHMAD, Adrianto et al.
Growth Kinetics Studies of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for Bioethanol Production of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 70, n. 2, p. 108-117, july 2026.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/597>. Date accessed: 05 aug. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v70i2.597.
References
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[10] Ahmad, A., Zulfansyah, Hartanti, E. P. & Shaza, M. (2022b). Palm fruit fiber hydrolysis process in fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences.
[11] Ahmad, A., Chairul, Rita, N., Wulandari, R. & Sari, V. A. (2023). Hydrolysis process of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Materials Today: Proceedings, 87 (Part 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.100.
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[14] Ahmad, A., Setiadi, T., Syafila, M. & Liang, O. B. (2000). Kinetic model of anaerobic biodegradation process of oil and fat. Jurnal Biosains, 5(1), 28–38.
[15] Ahmad, A., Setiadi, T., Syafila, M. & Liang, O. B. (2001). Kinetic study of hydrolysis reactions of organic complex compounds in anaerobic biodegradation processes. Jurnal Biosains, 6(1), 1–10.
[16] Ahmad, A. (2003). Determination of kinetic parameters of anaerobic biodegradation process of palm oil mill liquid waste. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 6(1), 45–48.
[17] Shieh, W. K., Li, C. T. & Chen, S. J. (1985). Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: III. Process kinetics. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 35B, 229–234.
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[19] Sahm, H. (1984). Anaerobic wastewater treatment. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 29, 83–115.
[20] Ahmad, A. (2020). Second generation bioethanol production process. Patent No. S00202006613.
[21] Pavlostathis, S. G. & Giraldo-Gomez, E. (1991). Kinetics of anaerobic treatment: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21(5–6), 411–490.
[22] Barthakur, A., Bora, M. & Singh, H. D. (1991). Kinetic model for substrate utilization and methane production in the anaerobic digestion of organic feeds. Biotechnology Progress, 7(4), 369–376.
[23] Dinopoulou, G., Lester, J. N. & Santana, F. P. (1990). Kinetic studies of single-stage and two-phase anaerobic fluidized beds. Environmental Technology, 11, 113–122.
[24] Henry, R. B. (1985). Computer Games and Simulation for Biochemical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
[25] Wang, D. I. C., Cooney, C. L., Demain, A. L., Dunhill, P., Humphrey, A. E. & Lilly, M. D. (1979). Fermentation and Enzyme Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
[26] Ahmad, A. (1990). Study of citric acid fermentation in submerged fermentation. Jurnal Penelitian, (6), 43–48.
[27] Chin, K. K. (1981). Anaerobic treatment kinetics of palm oil sludge. Water Research, 15, 199–202.
[28] Boopathy, R. & Tilche, A. (1991). Anaerobic digestion of high-strength molasses wastewater using hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR). Water Research, 25(7), 785–790.
[29] Faisal (1994). Palm oil industrial wastewater treatment with anaerobic baffled bioreactor (Master's thesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung).
[30] Ahmad, A., Rahmad, Rita, N. & Noorjannah, L. (2022c). Study of bioethanol fermentation kinetics from empty fruit bunches. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chemical Engineering, UPN, Yogyakarta.
[2] Muria, S. R., Ahmad, A., Khairat, Rahmadini, R. & Aprilia, W. A. (2025). Bioethanol production from oil palm fruit bunches through H?O? pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The 1st Universitas Riau International Conference in Science, Engineering and Technology, Pekanbaru.
[3] Ahmad, A., Muria, S. R. & Dewi, M. (2019). The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentrations on second generation bioethanol production from oil palm frond. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1295/1/012029.
[4] Ahmad, A., Muria, S. R. &Tuljannah, M. (2019). Production of second generation bioethanol from palm fruit fiber biomass using Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentrations. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1295/1/012030.
[5] Ahmad, A., Khairat, Rahmadini, R. & Aprilia, W. A. (2025). Delignification of oil palm biomass for bioethanol production from empty fruit bunches. The 1st Universitas Riau International Conference in Science, Engineering and Technology, Pekanbaru.
[6] Ahmad, A., Amri, I. & Wani, W. S. (2020a). Effect of pretreatment on second generation bioethanol fermentation from oil palm fruit fiber. Journal of Bioprocess, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Science, 1(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.31258/jbchees.1.2.28-38.
[7] Ahmad, A., Rahmad, Rita, N.&Noorjannah, L. (2022). Effect of acid hydrolysis on bioethanol production from oil palm fruit bunches. Materials Today: Proceedings, 63 (Suppl. 1), 5276–5281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.461.
[8] Ahmad, A. (2025). Method and process of bioethanol production from palm oil biomass. Patent No. S00202512155.
[9] Ahmad, A., Amri, I. & Nabilah, R. (2020). Second generation bioethanol production from oil palm fronds with variation in H?SO? pretreatment and fermentation time. Journal of Bioprocess, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Science, 1(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.31258/jbchees.1.2.12-27.
[10] Ahmad, A., Zulfansyah, Hartanti, E. P. & Shaza, M. (2022b). Palm fruit fiber hydrolysis process in fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences.
[11] Ahmad, A., Chairul, Rita, N., Wulandari, R. & Sari, V. A. (2023). Hydrolysis process of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Materials Today: Proceedings, 87 (Part 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.100.
[12] Gujer, W. & Zehnder, A. J. B. (1983). Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Science and Technology, 15, 127–167.
[13] Malina, J. F. & Pohland, F. G. (1992). Design of anaerobic processes for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastes (Water Quality Management Library, Vol. 7).
[14] Ahmad, A., Setiadi, T., Syafila, M. & Liang, O. B. (2000). Kinetic model of anaerobic biodegradation process of oil and fat. Jurnal Biosains, 5(1), 28–38.
[15] Ahmad, A., Setiadi, T., Syafila, M. & Liang, O. B. (2001). Kinetic study of hydrolysis reactions of organic complex compounds in anaerobic biodegradation processes. Jurnal Biosains, 6(1), 1–10.
[16] Ahmad, A. (2003). Determination of kinetic parameters of anaerobic biodegradation process of palm oil mill liquid waste. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 6(1), 45–48.
[17] Shieh, W. K., Li, C. T. & Chen, S. J. (1985). Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: III. Process kinetics. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 35B, 229–234.
[18] Benefield, L. D. & Randall, C. W. (1980). Biological process design for wastewater. Prentice-Hall.
[19] Sahm, H. (1984). Anaerobic wastewater treatment. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 29, 83–115.
[20] Ahmad, A. (2020). Second generation bioethanol production process. Patent No. S00202006613.
[21] Pavlostathis, S. G. & Giraldo-Gomez, E. (1991). Kinetics of anaerobic treatment: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21(5–6), 411–490.
[22] Barthakur, A., Bora, M. & Singh, H. D. (1991). Kinetic model for substrate utilization and methane production in the anaerobic digestion of organic feeds. Biotechnology Progress, 7(4), 369–376.
[23] Dinopoulou, G., Lester, J. N. & Santana, F. P. (1990). Kinetic studies of single-stage and two-phase anaerobic fluidized beds. Environmental Technology, 11, 113–122.
[24] Henry, R. B. (1985). Computer Games and Simulation for Biochemical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
[25] Wang, D. I. C., Cooney, C. L., Demain, A. L., Dunhill, P., Humphrey, A. E. & Lilly, M. D. (1979). Fermentation and Enzyme Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
[26] Ahmad, A. (1990). Study of citric acid fermentation in submerged fermentation. Jurnal Penelitian, (6), 43–48.
[27] Chin, K. K. (1981). Anaerobic treatment kinetics of palm oil sludge. Water Research, 15, 199–202.
[28] Boopathy, R. & Tilche, A. (1991). Anaerobic digestion of high-strength molasses wastewater using hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR). Water Research, 25(7), 785–790.
[29] Faisal (1994). Palm oil industrial wastewater treatment with anaerobic baffled bioreactor (Master's thesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung).
[30] Ahmad, A., Rahmad, Rita, N. & Noorjannah, L. (2022c). Study of bioethanol fermentation kinetics from empty fruit bunches. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chemical Engineering, UPN, Yogyakarta.
