Buckling and Deflection of Ice Sheet Caused by Ship
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The movement of ice ship gradually gives load to the ice sheet, along with that, the ice sheet will react in proportion to the load of the ship. The phenomenon of interaction between ice and hull of ship has been studied by researchers through empirical mathematical simulation and experiment. This paper discusses the phenomena of ice sheet buckling and deflection caused by a ship sailing in ice level. The ice sheet buckling and deflection is analyzed based on using Finite Element Method based on Euler and Cantilever methods. The methods were described from general deflection equation for a beam. Simulation was carried out using Abaqus running ahead and astern at several speeds of 0.4m/s, 0.5m/s and 0.6m/s.
##Keywords:##
Buckling Ice; Deflection of Ice; Ice Bow; Bulbous Bow; Ice Ship; Finite Element Method
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Published
Feb 8, 2019
How to Cite
KOTO, J; AFRIZAL, Efi; M.A, Wahid.
Buckling and Deflection of Ice Sheet Caused by Ship.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 62, n. 1, p. 5-11, feb. 2019.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/104>. Date accessed: 15 aug. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v62i1.104.
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References
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2 Crago, W.A., Dix, P.J., and German, J.G., 1971. Model Icebreaking Experiments and Their Correlation with Full-Scale Data. Trans. RINA, Vol. 113, p. 83-108.
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9 Ramming and Shoulder Collisions. Transport Canada Report TP-13107E. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada and Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
10 Daley, C., Tuhkuri, J., & Riska, K. (1998). The role of discrete failures in local ice loads. Cold regions science and technology, 27(3), 197-211.
11 Jaswar, (2002). A Prediction Method of Ice Breaking of an Icebreaker, Seminar of Applied Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
12 Jaswar, (2005). Determination of Optimum Hull of Ice Ship Goin, Proceedings of the 5th Osaka Colloquium (pp. 139-145).
13 Su, B., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2010). A numerical method for the prediction of ship performance in level ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 60(3), 177-188.
14 Jeong, S.Y., Lee, C.J., Cho, S.R., 2010. Ice resistance prediction for standard icebreaker model ship. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Beijing, China, 20-25 June 2010, pp. 1300-1304.
15 Tan, X., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2014). Performance Simulation of a Dual-Direction Ship in Level Ice. Journal of Ship Research, 58(3), 168-181.
16 Tan, X., Su, B., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2013). A six-degrees-of-freedom numerical model for level ice–ship interaction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 92, 1-16.
17 Hu, J., Zhou, L., May 2015. Experimental and numerical study on ice resistance for icebreaking vessels. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 7 (3), 626-639.
18 Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2016, Further study on level ice resistance and channel resistance for an icebreaking vessel, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8 (2016) 169-176.
19 Jeong. S.Y., Choi. K, Kang. K.J and Ha. J.S, 2017, Prediction of ship resistance in level ice based on empirical approach, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, (2017) 1-11.
20 Efi Afrizal, and Jaswar Koto. (2014) Study on Performance of Double Acting Tanker in Ice Condition. The 1st Conference on Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace.
21 Afrizal, E., and J. Koto. (2014). Ice Resistance Performance Analysis of Double Acting Tanker in Astern Condition. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering) 69.7: 73-78.
22 Efi Afrizal, J.Koto, Wahid, M. A and C. L. Siow. (2016). Review on Double Acting Tanker Ship in Ice Mode. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.38.
23 Efi Afrizal, and J. Koto. (2016). Study on Development of Ice-Ship. Proceeding of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -Science and Engineering-, Vol.3.
24 Jaswar. Koto and Efi Afrizal, (2017). Empirical Approach to Predict Ship Resistance in Level Ice, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.45.
25 Efi Afrizal, and Jaswar. Koto. (2017). Analyze Performance of Double Acting Tanker while Running Astern in Ice Condition, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.44.
26 Efi Afrizal, Jaswar Koto, Adhy Prayitno, Warman Fatra. (2018). Analysis Resistance Force on Interaction of Double Acting Tanker (DAT) –Ice using Couple Eulerian Langrangian (CEL) in Abaqus Simulation. Proceeding of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -Science and Engineering-, Vol.1.
27 Kubiak, K., (2014) Russian Double Action Ships. Arctic Shipping Revolution or Costly Experiment.
28 Sasaki.N, Juhani Laapio, Bjorn Fagerstrom, Kimmo Juurmaa, Goran Wilkman, 2002, Economical and Environmental Evaluation of Double Acting Tanker, Okhotsk Sea & Sea Ice, Mombetsu, Japan, 24-28.2.2002
29 Riska, K, Jalonen, R 1994. Assessment of Ice Model Testing Techniques. Icetech 5th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, Calgary, Canada. SNAME.
30 Abaqus theory manual 6.13 (2013): ABAQUS theory manual, ABAQUS 6.13 documentation, Software Manual, Dassault Systemes.
31 Wilfrid A. Nixon & Larry J. Weber, 1993, Preliminary experiments on creep crack growth in freshwater ice, Summer Annual Meeting of the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME, June 6, pp.273-277.
32 J.Koto, 2018, Experimental Method for Mechanical Engineering, Ocean & Aerospace Research Institute, Indonesia
2 Crago, W.A., Dix, P.J., and German, J.G., 1971. Model Icebreaking Experiments and Their Correlation with Full-Scale Data. Trans. RINA, Vol. 113, p. 83-108.
3 Enkvist, E., 1972. On the Ice Resistance Encountered by Ships Operating in the Continuous Mode of Icebreaking. The Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland, Helsinki, Report No. 24, 181 pp.
4 Milano, V.R., 1973. Ship Resistance to Continuous Motion in Ice. Trans. SNAME, Vol. 81, p. 274-306.
5 Vance, G.P., 1975. A scaling system for ships modelled in ice. Proc. SNAME Ice Tech. Symposium, Montreal, Paper H1, 28pp.
6 Vance, G. P. (1980). “Analysis of the Performance of a 140-foot Great Lakes Icebreakerâ€. USCGC Katmai Bay (No. CRREL-80-8). Cold Regions Research and Engineering lab Hanover NH.
7 Lindqvist, G. (1989). A straightforward method for calculation of ice resistance of ships. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Artic Condition. Lulea, Sweden.
8 Keinonen, A.J., Browne, R., Revill, C., Reynolds, A., 1996. Icebreaker Characteristics Synthesis, Report TP 12812E. The Transportation Development Centre, Transport Canada, Ontario.
9 Ramming and Shoulder Collisions. Transport Canada Report TP-13107E. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada and Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
10 Daley, C., Tuhkuri, J., & Riska, K. (1998). The role of discrete failures in local ice loads. Cold regions science and technology, 27(3), 197-211.
11 Jaswar, (2002). A Prediction Method of Ice Breaking of an Icebreaker, Seminar of Applied Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
12 Jaswar, (2005). Determination of Optimum Hull of Ice Ship Goin, Proceedings of the 5th Osaka Colloquium (pp. 139-145).
13 Su, B., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2010). A numerical method for the prediction of ship performance in level ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 60(3), 177-188.
14 Jeong, S.Y., Lee, C.J., Cho, S.R., 2010. Ice resistance prediction for standard icebreaker model ship. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Beijing, China, 20-25 June 2010, pp. 1300-1304.
15 Tan, X., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2014). Performance Simulation of a Dual-Direction Ship in Level Ice. Journal of Ship Research, 58(3), 168-181.
16 Tan, X., Su, B., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2013). A six-degrees-of-freedom numerical model for level ice–ship interaction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 92, 1-16.
17 Hu, J., Zhou, L., May 2015. Experimental and numerical study on ice resistance for icebreaking vessels. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 7 (3), 626-639.
18 Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2016, Further study on level ice resistance and channel resistance for an icebreaking vessel, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8 (2016) 169-176.
19 Jeong. S.Y., Choi. K, Kang. K.J and Ha. J.S, 2017, Prediction of ship resistance in level ice based on empirical approach, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, (2017) 1-11.
20 Efi Afrizal, and Jaswar Koto. (2014) Study on Performance of Double Acting Tanker in Ice Condition. The 1st Conference on Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace.
21 Afrizal, E., and J. Koto. (2014). Ice Resistance Performance Analysis of Double Acting Tanker in Astern Condition. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering) 69.7: 73-78.
22 Efi Afrizal, J.Koto, Wahid, M. A and C. L. Siow. (2016). Review on Double Acting Tanker Ship in Ice Mode. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.38.
23 Efi Afrizal, and J. Koto. (2016). Study on Development of Ice-Ship. Proceeding of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -Science and Engineering-, Vol.3.
24 Jaswar. Koto and Efi Afrizal, (2017). Empirical Approach to Predict Ship Resistance in Level Ice, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.45.
25 Efi Afrizal, and Jaswar. Koto. (2017). Analyze Performance of Double Acting Tanker while Running Astern in Ice Condition, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace, Vol.44.
26 Efi Afrizal, Jaswar Koto, Adhy Prayitno, Warman Fatra. (2018). Analysis Resistance Force on Interaction of Double Acting Tanker (DAT) –Ice using Couple Eulerian Langrangian (CEL) in Abaqus Simulation. Proceeding of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -Science and Engineering-, Vol.1.
27 Kubiak, K., (2014) Russian Double Action Ships. Arctic Shipping Revolution or Costly Experiment.
28 Sasaki.N, Juhani Laapio, Bjorn Fagerstrom, Kimmo Juurmaa, Goran Wilkman, 2002, Economical and Environmental Evaluation of Double Acting Tanker, Okhotsk Sea & Sea Ice, Mombetsu, Japan, 24-28.2.2002
29 Riska, K, Jalonen, R 1994. Assessment of Ice Model Testing Techniques. Icetech 5th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, Calgary, Canada. SNAME.
30 Abaqus theory manual 6.13 (2013): ABAQUS theory manual, ABAQUS 6.13 documentation, Software Manual, Dassault Systemes.
31 Wilfrid A. Nixon & Larry J. Weber, 1993, Preliminary experiments on creep crack growth in freshwater ice, Summer Annual Meeting of the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME, June 6, pp.273-277.
32 J.Koto, 2018, Experimental Method for Mechanical Engineering, Ocean & Aerospace Research Institute, Indonesia
