Effect of Deposition Time on CIGS/TiO2 Solar Cell Fabrication Using PVD Sputtering Method
Abstract
The CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) thin film solar cells have been widely studied for a long time and have achieved an important position in the photovoltaic (PV) market. CIGS is one of the most promising materials for thin film solar cell applications. In this study, a thin film synthesis process was carried out on an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) substrate using CIGS and TiO2 (titanium Dioxide) with deposition time variations of 30. 45 and 60 minutes using the PVD DC (Physical Vapor Deposition Direct Current) Sputtering method. Based on the test results, there was a shift in the diffraction peak along with the addition of the TiO2 layer, which indicated that the crystallization of ITO began to decrease and the TiO2 peak began to appear at deposition times of 45 minutes and 60 minutes. The formation of polycrystalline indicates good crystallization and surface uniformity. The highest layer thickness was obtained at a deposition time of 60 minutes, which was 426 nm, due to the particle agglomeration process on the substrate surface. The larger the particle agglomerates formed, the thicker the layer on the substrate surface. The results of the UV-Vis (Ultraviolet Visible) spectrophotometer test also showed that the overall band gap energy value corresponds to the ideal value for photovoltaic thin films, namely in the range of 1.04 eV to 3.5 eV.
##Keywords:##
CIGS, TiO2, PVD sputtering, Thin film, Solar cell.
Published
Dec 6, 2025
How to Cite
HAYATI, SB. Widia Rezaly Biharu; ERDIANSYAH, Erdiansyah.
Effect of Deposition Time on CIGS/TiO2 Solar Cell Fabrication Using PVD Sputtering Method.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 69, n. 3, p. 279-283, dec. 2025.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/569>. Date accessed: 16 may 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v69i3.569.
References
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[20] Sylla, A., Touré, S., & Vilcot, J. P. (2018). Numerical modeling and simulation of CIGS-based solar cells with ZnS buffer layer. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmsi.2017.54016.
[2] Albiss, B., & Al-Widyan, M. (2023). Numerical simulation, preparation, and evaluation of Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. ChemEngineering, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050087.
[3] Ishizuka, S., Yamada, A., Fons, P., & Niki, S. (2009). Flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells fabricated using alkali-silicate glass thin layers as an alkali source material. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 1(1), 0–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3005376.
[4] Bouabdelli, M. W., Rogti, F., Maache, M., & Rabehi, A. (2020). Performance enhancement of CIGS thin-film solar cell. Optik, 216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164948.
[5] Park, G. S., Lee, S., Kim, D.-S., Park, S. Y., Koh, J. H., Won, D. H., Lee, P., Do, Y. R., & Min, B. K. (2023). Amorphous TiO2 passivating contacts for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 ultrathin solar cells: defect-state-mediated hole conduction. Advanced Energy Materials, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203183.
[6] Löckinger, J., Nishiwaki, S., Weiss, T. P., Bissig, B., Romanyuk, Y. E., Buecheler, S., & Tiwari, A. N. (2018). TiO2 as intermediate buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 174(September 2017), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.09.030.
[7] Widia-Rezaly-Biharu-Hayati, S., Erdiansyah, E., & Hendrawan, W. (2024). Morphological characterization and optical properties of CIGS/TiO2 thin films using sputtering technique. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace-science and engineering-, 68(3), 133-138.
[8] Don, C. H., Shalvey, T. P., Smiles, M. J., Thomas, L., Phillips, L. J., Hobson, T. D. C., Finch, H., Jones, L. A. H., Swallow, J. E. N., Fleck, N., Markwell, C., Thakur, P. K., Lee, T. L., Biswas, D., Bowen, L., Williamson, B. A. D., Scanlon, D. O., Dhanak, V. R., Durose, K., … Major, J. D. (2023). Multi-phase sputtered TiO2-induced current–voltage distortion in Sb2Se3 solar cells. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 10(20). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300238.
[9] Kim, H., Wang, Y., Denisov, N., Wu, Z., Kment, Š., & Schmuki, P. (2022). DC sputter deposited TiO2 layers on FTO: towards a maximum photoelectrochemical response of photoanodes. Journal of Materials Science, 57(27), 12960–12970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07420-4.
[10] Purniawan, A., Biharu Hayati, S. W. R., Atmono, T. M., Fajarin, R., & Wicaksono, S. T. (2019). The effect of deposition time on ag-zn thin film forming using rf sputtering for antimicrobial coating orthopedic devices. Materials Science Forum, 964 MSF, 246–250.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.964.246.
[11] Baptista, A., Silva, F., Porteiro, J., Míguez, J., & Pinto, G. (2018). Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement andmarket trend demands. In Coatings (Vol. 8, Issue 11). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS8110402.
[12] Gulkowski, S., & Krawczak, E. (2020). RF/DC magnetron sputtering deposition of thin layers for solar cell fabrication. Coatings, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS10080791.
[13] Adel, C., Fethi, B. M., & Brahim, B. (2016). Effect of annealing under various atmospheres on the properties of electrodeposited CIGS thin films on ITO coated glass substrates. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 27(4), 3481–3487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-4181-y.
[14] Adhitya, E. A., Ramelan, A. H., & S, S. (2016). Sintesa titanium dioxide (TiO2) untuk dye-sensitized solar cell dengan antosianin bunga rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa). Indonesian Journal of Applied Physics, 3(02), 181. https://doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v3i02.1268.
[15] Shabrina, N., Yudoyono, G., & Sudarsono, S. (2023). Karakterisasi struktur, morfologi, dan sifat optik lapisan tipis titanium dioksida yang dideposisi menggunakan teknik spray pyrolysis. Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS, 11(5), B1-B6.
[16] Salhi, B. (2022). The photovoltaic cell based on CIGS: principles and technologies. Materials, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051908.
[17] Bandaru, N., & Panda, E. (2021). Influence of CIGS film thickness on the microstructure, bulk optoelectronic, and surface electrical properties. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32(24), 28618–28632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07238-x.
[18] Chiou, C.-S., & Penga, H.-C. (n.d.). Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide nanoparticles synthesized by a solvothermal method for solar cell application.
[19] Shen, G., Du, Z., Pan, Z., Du, J., & Zhong, X. (2018). Solar paint from TiO2 particles supported quantum dots for photoanodes in quantum dot?sensitized solar cells. ACS Omega, 3(1), 1102–1109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01761.
[20] Sylla, A., Touré, S., & Vilcot, J. P. (2018). Numerical modeling and simulation of CIGS-based solar cells with ZnS buffer layer. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmsi.2017.54016.
