Implementation of an IoT-Integrated Feedback Control System for Water Quality and Feeding Automation in Aquaculture
Abstract
This study introduces an IoT-based automated system for freshwater aquaculture that enables real-time monitoring of water quality and control of fish feeding. The system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with pH, ultrasonic, infrared, temperature, and RTC sensors to monitor pond conditions. A servo motor is used for feed dispensing, while a fluid and clean water pump adjusts pH levels automatically when they fall outside the optimal 6.5–8.5 range. Sensor data is sent to the cloud via the Blynk platform, allowing remote monitoring and notification through a mobile app. Laboratory and field tests over three days demonstrated a fast response time of 1.78 seconds, accurate feed monitoring, and stable pH control. The system offers an efficient, low-cost solution for small to medium-scale aquaculture.
##Keywords:##
Sensors, Fish feeding system, Blynk, RTC.
Published
Jul 29, 2025
How to Cite
MAHARMI, Benriwati et al.
Implementation of an IoT-Integrated Feedback Control System for Water Quality and Feeding Automation in Aquaculture.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 69, n. 2, p. 99-105, july 2025.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/547>. Date accessed: 23 may 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v69i2.547.
References
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[2] Føre, M., Frank, K., Norton, T., Svendsen, E., Alfredsen, J. A., Dempster, T., ... & Berckmans, D. (2018). Precision fish farming: A new framework to improve production in aquaculture. Biosystems Engineering, 173, 176–193.
[3] Vianna, G.M.S., Zeller, D. & Pauly, D. (2020). Fisheries and policy implications for human nutrition. Current Environmental Health Reports, 7, 161–169.
[4] Prianto, E., Marini, M., Triharyuni, S. & Purwoko, R. M. (2020). The effect of anthropogenic changes on the sustainability of eastern Sumatran floodplain fisheries resources. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
[5] Pahlow, M., Van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen, M.M. & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2015). Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production. Science of the Total Environment, 536, 847–857.
[6] Blanchard, J.L., Watson, R.A., Fulton, E.A., Cottrell, R.S., Nash, K.L., et al. (2017). Linked sustainability challenges and trade-offs among fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(9), 1240–1249.
[7] Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., Davis, R.P., Godumala, R., Mohan, A.B.C. & Nunes, A.J.P. (2020). Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(3), 578–633.
[8] Echiegu, E.A., Ezeugwu, L.I. & Ugwu, S.N. (2018). Effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the physicochemical properties of fishpond water and growth of African catfish. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(2), 54–66.
[9] Lindholm?Lehto, P. (2023). Water quality monitoring in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture and Fisheries and Fish, 3(2), 113–131.
[10] Nagothu, S.K., Sri, P.B., Anitha, G., Vincent, S. & Kumar, O. P. (2025). Advancing aquaculture: Fuzzy logic-based water quality monitoring and maintenance system for precision aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 33(1), 32.
[11] Mariu, A., Chatha, A.M.M., Naz, S., Khan, M.F., Safdar, W., & Ashraf, I. (2023). Effect of temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen on fishes. Journal of Zoological Systematics, 1(2), 1–12.
[12] Chowdhury, S. & Saikia, S. K. (2020). Oxidative stress in fish: A review. Journal of Scientific Research, 12(1), 145–160.
[13] Pepe-Victoriano, R., Espinoza, J., Herrera, M., et al. (2025). Evaluation of water quality in the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in the Precordilleran region of Northern Chile. Water, 17(11), 1685.
[14] Kelany, N.F., Abdel-Mohsein, H. S., Kotb, S. & Ismail, A.E.M.A. (2024). Significant impact of physicochemical water parameters in tilapia aquaculture. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 14(6), 1060-1064.
[15] SAUOO, U. (2012). Effects of agricultural lime (CaCO?) on water quality and fish growth under outdoor hard water fish culture conditions. West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences.
[16] Adu-Manu, K.S., Tapparello, C., Heinzelman, W., Katsriku, F.A. & Abdulai, J.-D. (2017). Water quality monitoring using wireless sensor networks: Current trends and future research directions. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 13(1), 1–41.
[17] Zhou, C., Xu, D., Lin, K., Sun, C. & Yang, X. (2018). Intelligent feeding control methods in aquaculture with an emphasis on fish: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(4), 975–993.
[18] Jais, N.A.M., Abdullah, A.F., Kassim, M.S.M., Abd Karim, M.M. & Muhadi, N. (2024). Improved accuracy in IoT-based water quality monitoring for aquaculture tanks using low-cost sensors: Asian seabass fish farming. Heliyon, 10(8).
[19] Sugiharto, W.H., Susanto, H. & Prasetijo, A. B. (2023). Real-time water quality assessment via IoT: Monitoring pH, TDS, temperature, and turbidity. Ingénierie des Systèmes d’Information, 28(4), 823–831.
[20] Susanti, N.D., Sagita, D., Apriyanto, I.F., Anggara, C.E.W., Darmajana, D.A. & Rahayuningtyas, A. (2022). Design and implementation of water quality monitoring system (temperature, pH, TDS) in aquaculture using IoT at low cost. In 6th International Conference of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resource (IC-FANRES 2021) (pp. 7–11). Atlantis Press.
[21] Abu Bakar, A.A., Bakar, Z.A., Yusoff, Z.M., Mohamed Ibrahim, M.J., Mokhtar, N.A. & Zaiton, S.N. (2025). IoT-based real-time water quality monitoring and sensor calibration for enhanced accuracy and reliability. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 19(1).
[22] Zulkifli, C.Z., Rahman, N.A.A., Zulkifli, S.Z., et al. (2022). IoT-based water monitoring systems: A systematic review. Water, 14(22), 3621.
[23] Farouk, M.I.H.Z., Latip, M.F.A. & Jamil, Z. (2022). Integrated water quality monitoring system and IoT technology for surface water monitoring. In AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing.
[24] Maharmi, B., Kardova, T., & Ermawati. (2019). Development of cost-saving energy for home lighting based on microcontroller and RTC. International Journal of Electrical Energy and Power System Engineering, 2(2), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.2.2.20-24.
[25] Maharmi, B., Bijaksono, C., Machdalena, M. & Yolnasdi, Y. (2024). Desain kontrol smart home berbasis IoT dan Bluetooth. SAINSTEK, 12(1), 154–159.
[26] Maharmi, B., Samsudin, S., Ramdha, T. & Hanifulkhair, H. (2024). Integrated IoT-based fire prevention and evacuation system for high-rise buildings. Journal of Ocean Mechanical and Aerospace-Science Engineering, 68(3), 161–168.
[27] Selvam, A.P. & Al-Humairi, S.N.S. (2023). The impact of IoT and sensor integration on real-time weather monitoring systems: A systematic review.
[28] Prapti, D.R., Mohamed Shariff, A.R., Che Man, H., Ramli, N.M., Perumal, T. & Shariff, M. (2022). Internet of Things (IoT)?based aquaculture: An overview of IoT application on water quality monitoring. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14(2), 979–992.
[29] Amalia, F. & Nasution, S. (2024). Implementation system monitoring and control temperature and pH in urban silver catfish hatchery to enhance efficiency and responsiveness based on IoT. Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri, 8(1), 22–34.
[30] Maharmi, B., Widyastomo, B., & Palaha, F. (2022). Water flow measurement-based data acquisition using Arduino microcontroller and PLX-DAQ software. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika, 8(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.26555/jiteki.v8i1.23637.
[31] Mohammed, S.L., Al-Naji, A., Farjo, M.M., & Chahl, J. (2019). Highly accurate water level measurement system using a microcontroller and an ultrasonic sensor. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (p. 042025). IOP Publishing.
[32] Elmessery, W.M., Ibrahim, M.J.M., Bakar, Z.A., Mokhtar, N.A., et al. (2025). A deep deterministic policy gradient approach for optimizing feeding rates and water quality management in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture International, 33(4), 253.
