Palm Stearin as Alternative Binder for MIM: A Review
Abstract
Palm stearin is one of the fractionation process results from palm oil that is the largest commodities in the world. It has potentially as an alternative of binder in metal injection molding based on researches that conducted in Malaysia. Palm stearin can be combined with other binder to be a binder system with the function as lubricant and surfactant in a binder system. Based on experiments showed Palm stearin has fulfilled requirement as binder in MIM such as pseudoplastic behavior from rheological test and homogeneity of the feedstock. Palm stearin can replace conventional binders that commonly used in industry.
##Keywords:##
Palm Stearin; Natural Binder; MIM; Palm Oil.
Published
May 20, 2014
How to Cite
ARIFIN, Amir et al.
Palm Stearin as Alternative Binder for MIM: A Review.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 18-23, may 2014.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/496>. Date accessed: 30 apr. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v7i1.496.
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41. Goswami, A., et al., 2012, Thermal degradation kinetics of poly (trimethylol propane triacrylate)/poly(hexane diol diacrylate) interpenetrating polymer network. Thermochimica Acta, 547: p. 53-61.
2. Liu, Z.Y., et al., 2003, Characterization of powder injection molding feedstock. Materials Characterization, 49(4): p. 313-320.
3. Berginc, B., Z. Kampus, and B. Sustarsic, 2007, Influence of feedstock characteristics and process parameters on properties of MIM parts made of 316L. Powder Metallurgy, 50(2): p. 172-183.
4. Beal, V.E., C.H. Ahrens, and P.A. Wendhausen, 2004, The use of stereolithography rapid tools in the manufacturing of metal powder injection molding parts. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering,. 26: p. 40-46.
5. German, R.M. and A. Bose, 1997,Injection Molding of Metals and Ceramics Metal Powder Industries Federation.
6. Shahidi, F., 2005, Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 6 Volume Set, Wiley.
7. www.fas.usda.gov. Palm Oil : World Supply and Distribution 2013 [cited 2013 May 06, 2013]; Available from: www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline.
8. http://www.palmoilworld.org. Available from: http://www.palmoilworld.org/about_palmoil.html.
9. Zaliha, O., et al., 2004, Crystallization properties of palm oil by dry fractionation. Food Chemistry, 86(2): p. 245-250.
10. Norizzah, A.R., et al., 2004, Effects of chemical interesterification on physicochemical properties of palm stearin and palm kernel olein blends. Food Chemistry, 86(2): p. 229-235.
11.Salvi, B.L. and N.L. Panwar, 2012, Biodiesel resources and production technologies – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(6): p. 3680-3689.
12. Bart, J.C.J., N. Palmeri, and S. Cavallaro, 2010, Biodiesel Science and Technology: From Soil to Oil, Woodhead Publishing.
13. Aggarwal, G., et al., 2007, Development of niobium powder injection molding. Part II: Debinding and sintering, International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials,. 25(3): p. 226-236.
14. Ahn, S., et al., 2009, Effect of powders and binders on material properties and molding parameters in iron and stainless steel powder injection molding process. Powder Technology, 193(2): p. 162-169.
15. Hens, K.F. and D. Kupp, 1995, Advanced production methods for PIM Feedstock. Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, 6: p. 45-54.
16. Mohd Foudzi, F., et al., 2013,Yttria stabilized zirconia formed by micro ceramic injection molding: Rheological properties and debinding effects on the sintered part. Ceramics International, 39(3): p. 2665-2674.
17. Mohamad Nor, N.H., et al., 2011, Characterisation of Titanium Alloy Feedstock for Metal Injection Moulding Using Palm Stearin Binder System. Advanced Materials Research, 264-265: p. 586-591.
18. Muhamad, N., et al., 2011, Multiple Performance Optimization for the Best Injection Molding Process of Ti-6Al-4V Green Compact. Frontiers of Manufacturing and Design Science, Pts 1-4, 44-47: p. 2707-2711.
19. Amin, S.Y.M., et al., 2011, Characterization of Feedstock Properties of PIM WC-Co with Palm Stearin Binder System, in 5th Powder Metallurgy Symposium and Exhibition.
20. Ramli, M.I., et al., 2012, Powder Injection Molding of SS316L/HA Composite: Rheological Properties and Mechanical Properties of the Green Part. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(11): p. 5317-5321.
21. Harun, M.R., et al., 2010, Rheological Investigation of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy Feedstock for Metal Injection Moulding Using Palm Stearin Based Binder System. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 44-47: p. 4126-4130. 22. Ibrahim, R., et al., 2012, Injection Molding of Inconel718 Parts for Aerospace Application Using Novel Binder System Based on Palm Oil Derivatives in World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology.
23. Ibrahim, R., et al., 2007, Fabrication of 316L stainless steel parts by Injection Moulding for Biomedical Application using a Novel Binder, in 3rd Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2006, F. Ibrahim, et al., Editors. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 102-105.
24. Abdullah, M.F., et al., 2011, Comparison on Rheology Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene as Binder System with Stainless Steel 316L for Metal Injection Moding. Composite Science and Technology, Pts 1 and 2, 471-472: p. 409-414.
25. Nor, N.H.M., et al., 2011, Optimization of Injection Molding Parameter of Ti-6Al-4V Powder Mix with Palm Stearin and Polyethylene for the Highest Green Strength by Using Taguchi Method. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , 6, No 1: p. 126-132.
26. Karatas, C., et al., 2004, Rheological properties of feedstocks prepared with steatite powder and polyethylene-based thermoplastic binders. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 152(1): p. 77-83.
27. Hausnerova, B., 2010, Rheological characterization of powder injection molding compounds. Polimery, 55(1): p. 3-11.
28. Huang, B., S. Liang, and X. Qu, The rheology of metal injection molding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003. 137(1-3): p. 132-137.
29. Wright, M., L. Hughes, and S. Gressel, 1994,Rheological Characterization of Feedstocks for Metal Injection Molding. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 3(2): p. 300-306.
30. Liu, Z.Y., et al., 2002, Characterization of powder injection molding feedstock. Materials Characterization, 49(4): p. 313-320.
31. Omar, M.A., et al., 2012, Processing of Water-atomised 316L Stainless Steel Powder Using Metal-injection Processes. Journal of Engineering Science, 8: p. 1-13.
32. Omar, M.A., et al., 2003, Rapid debinding of 316L stainless steel injection moulded component. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 140: p. 397-400.
33. Li, Y., et al., 2003,Critical thickness in binder removal process for injection molded compacts. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 362(1–2): p. 292-299.
34. Tseng, W.J. and C.-K. Hsu, 1999, Cracking defect and porosity evolution during thermal debinding in ceramic injection moldings. Ceramics International, 25(5): p. 461-466.
35. Thian, E.S., et al., 2001, Effects of debinding parameters on powder injection molded Ti-6Al-4V/HA composite parts.Advanced Powder Technology, 12(3): p. 361-370.
36. Hwang, K.S., G.J. Shu, and H.J. Lee, 2005, Solvent debinding behavior of powder injection molded components prepared from powders with different particle sizes. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 36(1): p. 161-167. 37. Liu, X.Q., et al., 2008,Deformation behavior and strength evolution of MIM compacts during thermal debinding. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18(2): p. 278-284.
38. Liu, D.-M. and W.J. Tseng, 1999, Binder removal from injection moulded zirconia ceramics. Ceramics International, 25(6): p. 529-534.
39. Slade, P.E. and L.T. Jenkins, 1970, Techniques and methods of polymer evaluation, M. Dekker.
40. Shi, Z. and Z.X. Guo, 2004, Kinetic modelling of binder removal in powder-based compacts. Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 365(1-2): p. 129-135.
41. Goswami, A., et al., 2012, Thermal degradation kinetics of poly (trimethylol propane triacrylate)/poly(hexane diol diacrylate) interpenetrating polymer network. Thermochimica Acta, 547: p. 53-61.
