Experimental Study of Gap Distance between Floating Structures in Tandem Arrangement
Abstract
This research is proposed to study the effect of wave condition to the distance between floating structures which arranged in tandem arrangement. The evaluation on the gap distance between floating structures is an important study for offshore liquefied natural gas, LNG offloading system because small gap distance between floating structures is needed to guarantee the effectiveness of LNG transfer from FPSO to ship but collision between floating structures should be avoided. Therefore, the gap distance between floating structures becomes a main factor to ensure the safety of the arrangement and effectiveness of the offloading system. Model experiment in regular wave condition was carried out to analyze the motion of floating structures and the effect of wave on changing of gap distance between structures. The time domain motion data are measured by Qualisys Camera and then Fourier Transformation method is applied to transform the data to frequency domain for further analysis. The frequency domain data is utilized in this research to find the tendency of gap distance between floating structures due to the effect of structures response and wave condition. From the study, an empirical equation to simulate the minimum gap distance between floating structures is introduced.
##Keywords:##
Gap Distance, Floating Structures, Motion..
Published
Jul 20, 2014
How to Cite
KOTO, Jaswar; SIOW, C.L..
Experimental Study of Gap Distance between Floating Structures in Tandem Arrangement.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-8, july 2014.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/486>. Date accessed: 09 june 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v9i1.486.
References
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5. Hess, J. L., Smith, A. M. O. (1964). Calculation of Non-lifting Potential Flow About Arbitrary 3D Bodies. Journal of Ship Research.
6. Hong, S. Y., Kim, J. H., Cho, S. K., Choi, Y. R., Kim, Y. S. (2005). Numerical and experimental study on hydrodynamic interaction of side-by-side moored multiple vessels. Ocean Engineering, 32(7), 783-801.
7. Ioannis, K. C. (2011). Three dimensional wave scattering by arrays of elliptical and circular cylinders. Ocean Engineering, Vol. 38(13), pp. 1480-1494.
8. Kashiwagi, M. and Q.-q.Shi. (2010). Pressure distribution computed by wave-interaction theory for adjacent multiple bodies. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, 22(5, Supplement 1): p. 526-531.
9. Kodan, N. (1984). The motions of adjacent floating structures in oblique waves. Proc. of Third Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering OMAE, New Orleans.
10. Koo, B. J., Kim, M. H. (2005). Hydrodynamic interactions and relative motions of two floating platforms with mooring lines in side-by-side offloading operation. Applied Ocean Research, 27(6), 292-310.
11. Loken, A. E. (1981). Hydrodynamic interaction between several floating bodies of arbitrary form in Waves. Proc. of International Symposium on Hydrodynamics in Ocean Engineering, NIT, Trondheim.
12. Ohkusu, M., (1974). Ship motions in vicinity of a structure. Proc. of International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structure. NIT, Trondheim.
13. Siow, C.L., Jaswar, Afrizal, E., Abyn, H., Adi, M., Pauzi, M. (2013). Comparative of Hydrodynamic Effect between Double Bodies to Single Body in Tank. The 8th International Conference On Numerical Analysis In Engineering. Pekanbaru, Indonesia.
14. Söylemez, M. (1995). Motion tests of a twin-hulled semi-submersible. Ocean Engineering, 22(6), 643-660.
15. Spyros A. M. (2004). Hydrodynamic coefficients in heave of two concentric surface-piercing truncated circular cylinders.Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 26 (3-4), pp. 84-97.
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17. Van Oortmerssen, G. (1979). Hydrodynamic interaction between two structures of floating in waves. Proc. of BOSS ‘79. Second International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, London.
18. Wu, S., Murray, J. J., Virk, G. S. (1997). The motions and internal forces of a moored semi-submersible in regular waves. Ocean Engineering, 24(7), 593-603.
19. Yilmaz, O., Incecik, A. (1996). Extreme motion response analysis of moored semi-submersibles. Ocean Engineering, 23(6), 497-517.
20. Zhao, W.H,Yang, J.M, and Hu, Z.Q. (2012).Hydrodynamic interaction between FLNG vessel and LNG carrier in side by side configuration. Journal of Hydrodynamics. Ser. B, Vol. 24, Issue 5, Pages 648-657.
21. Zhu, H.-r., Zhu, R.-c., Miao,G.-p. (2008). A Time Domain Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Resonance Phenomena of 3-D Multiple Floating Structures. Journal of Hydrodynamics. Ser. B, 20(5): p. 611-616.
22. Matos, V. L. F., Simos, A. N., and Sphaier, S. H. (2011). Second-order resonant heave, roll and pitch motions of a deep-draft semi-submersible: Theoretical and experimental results. Ocean Engineering. 38(17–18), 2227-2243. 23. Tiau, K.U., Jaswar, Abyn, H. and Siow, C.L. (2012). Study On Mobile Floating Harbor Concept. Proc. of the 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics (APHydro2012). UTM, Malaysia.
24. Jaswar and Siow, C. L. (2013). Concept of Gap Distance in Motion Interaction between Multiple Floating Bodies. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.2, 13-19.
25. Siow, C.L., Koto, J., Abyn, H. &Maimum, A. (2013). Gap distance analysis of floating structures in tandem arrangement. Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources. Taylor & Francis Group, London. P. 255-263.
26. C.L Sow, Jaswar Koto and Hassan Abyn. (2014). Semi-Submersible Heave Response Study Using Diffraction Potential Theory with Viscous Damping Correction. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.5, 23-29.
27. Siow, C. L, Jaswar Koto, Hassan Abyn, N.M Khairuddin. (2014). Linearized Morison Drag for Improvement Heave Response of Semi-Submersible by Diffraction Potential. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.6, 8-16.
28. Muhammad Farid Abdul Halim and Jaswar Koto (2014). Hydrodynamic Interaction of Three Floating Structures. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.8, 1-11.
2. Abyn, H., Maimun, A., Jaswar, Rafiqul Islam, M., Magee, A., Bodagi, B., Pauzi, M. (2012). Effect of Mesh Number on Accuracy of Semi-Submersible Motion Prediction. Proc. of the 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics (APHydro2012).UTM, Malaysia (2012).
3. Choi, Y. R., Hong, S. Y. (2002). An analysis of hydrodynamic interaction of floating multi-body using higher-order boundary element method. Proc. of 12th ISOPE. Kita-Kyushu.
4. Clauss, G. F., Schmittner, C., Stutz, K. (2002). Time-Domain Investigation of a Semi-Submersible in Rogue Waves. Proc. of the 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2002).
5. Hess, J. L., Smith, A. M. O. (1964). Calculation of Non-lifting Potential Flow About Arbitrary 3D Bodies. Journal of Ship Research.
6. Hong, S. Y., Kim, J. H., Cho, S. K., Choi, Y. R., Kim, Y. S. (2005). Numerical and experimental study on hydrodynamic interaction of side-by-side moored multiple vessels. Ocean Engineering, 32(7), 783-801.
7. Ioannis, K. C. (2011). Three dimensional wave scattering by arrays of elliptical and circular cylinders. Ocean Engineering, Vol. 38(13), pp. 1480-1494.
8. Kashiwagi, M. and Q.-q.Shi. (2010). Pressure distribution computed by wave-interaction theory for adjacent multiple bodies. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, 22(5, Supplement 1): p. 526-531.
9. Kodan, N. (1984). The motions of adjacent floating structures in oblique waves. Proc. of Third Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering OMAE, New Orleans.
10. Koo, B. J., Kim, M. H. (2005). Hydrodynamic interactions and relative motions of two floating platforms with mooring lines in side-by-side offloading operation. Applied Ocean Research, 27(6), 292-310.
11. Loken, A. E. (1981). Hydrodynamic interaction between several floating bodies of arbitrary form in Waves. Proc. of International Symposium on Hydrodynamics in Ocean Engineering, NIT, Trondheim.
12. Ohkusu, M., (1974). Ship motions in vicinity of a structure. Proc. of International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structure. NIT, Trondheim.
13. Siow, C.L., Jaswar, Afrizal, E., Abyn, H., Adi, M., Pauzi, M. (2013). Comparative of Hydrodynamic Effect between Double Bodies to Single Body in Tank. The 8th International Conference On Numerical Analysis In Engineering. Pekanbaru, Indonesia.
14. Söylemez, M. (1995). Motion tests of a twin-hulled semi-submersible. Ocean Engineering, 22(6), 643-660.
15. Spyros A. M. (2004). Hydrodynamic coefficients in heave of two concentric surface-piercing truncated circular cylinders.Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 26 (3-4), pp. 84-97.
16. Tajali, Z. and Shafieefar, M. (2011).Hydrodynamic analysis of multi-body floating piers under wave action. Ocean Engineering, 38(17–18): p. 1925-1933.
17. Van Oortmerssen, G. (1979). Hydrodynamic interaction between two structures of floating in waves. Proc. of BOSS ‘79. Second International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, London.
18. Wu, S., Murray, J. J., Virk, G. S. (1997). The motions and internal forces of a moored semi-submersible in regular waves. Ocean Engineering, 24(7), 593-603.
19. Yilmaz, O., Incecik, A. (1996). Extreme motion response analysis of moored semi-submersibles. Ocean Engineering, 23(6), 497-517.
20. Zhao, W.H,Yang, J.M, and Hu, Z.Q. (2012).Hydrodynamic interaction between FLNG vessel and LNG carrier in side by side configuration. Journal of Hydrodynamics. Ser. B, Vol. 24, Issue 5, Pages 648-657.
21. Zhu, H.-r., Zhu, R.-c., Miao,G.-p. (2008). A Time Domain Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Resonance Phenomena of 3-D Multiple Floating Structures. Journal of Hydrodynamics. Ser. B, 20(5): p. 611-616.
22. Matos, V. L. F., Simos, A. N., and Sphaier, S. H. (2011). Second-order resonant heave, roll and pitch motions of a deep-draft semi-submersible: Theoretical and experimental results. Ocean Engineering. 38(17–18), 2227-2243. 23. Tiau, K.U., Jaswar, Abyn, H. and Siow, C.L. (2012). Study On Mobile Floating Harbor Concept. Proc. of the 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics (APHydro2012). UTM, Malaysia.
24. Jaswar and Siow, C. L. (2013). Concept of Gap Distance in Motion Interaction between Multiple Floating Bodies. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.2, 13-19.
25. Siow, C.L., Koto, J., Abyn, H. &Maimum, A. (2013). Gap distance analysis of floating structures in tandem arrangement. Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources. Taylor & Francis Group, London. P. 255-263.
26. C.L Sow, Jaswar Koto and Hassan Abyn. (2014). Semi-Submersible Heave Response Study Using Diffraction Potential Theory with Viscous Damping Correction. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.5, 23-29.
27. Siow, C. L, Jaswar Koto, Hassan Abyn, N.M Khairuddin. (2014). Linearized Morison Drag for Improvement Heave Response of Semi-Submersible by Diffraction Potential. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.6, 8-16.
28. Muhammad Farid Abdul Halim and Jaswar Koto (2014). Hydrodynamic Interaction of Three Floating Structures. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Engineering. Vol.8, 1-11.
