Conversion Crude Palm Oil to FAME Over ZnO Catalyst Presipitant Zinc Carbonate
Abstract
Crude palm oil has a high free fatty acid over 2% is called CPO off-grade. This oil as an alternative energy sources are less costly in the held in one stage by a heterogeneous catalyst in order to produce a biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) over a ZnO catalyst. In this research, ZnO is made from zinc carbonate precipitant. Yield of conversion oil to FAME found approximately 96% under condition temperatures reaction 65 ±2°C, ratio moles of reactants 1:18 v/v, and the amount of catalyst 0.5%. ZnO catalyst is found as a potential in the biodiesel production. The catalytic activity of catalyst is determined by regenerating the spent catalyst, then it re-used four times in the transesterification reaction cycles. Results, the catalytic activity of ZnO catalyst till retain in the 4 th reaction cycle giving the yield of crude biodiesel in the range of 96 –75 %.
##Keywords:##
CPO; Yield; ZnO.
Published
Jun 30, 2016
How to Cite
SAHAN, Yusnimar; HELIYANTI, Sri.
Conversion Crude Palm Oil to FAME Over ZnO Catalyst Presipitant Zinc Carbonate.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 7 - 11, june 2016.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/409>. Date accessed: 30 apr. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v32i1.409.
References
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2. Kumar V. and Kant P. (2014). Biodiesel production from sorghum oil by transesterification using ZnO as catalyst, Petroleum& Coal, 56 (1). Pp: 35-40 ISSN 1337-7027.
3. Endalew A.K., Kiros Y., Zanzi R. (2011). Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas Oil (JCO). Elsevier, J. Energy Vol. 35 (5), pp: 2693–2700.
4. ASTM. (2005). Standard Characteristic of Crude Biodiesel, ASTM D675.
5. ASTM. (2005). Standard Characteristic of petroleum of diesel, ASTM D0975.
6. Xue J., Grift T.E, Hansen A.C. (2011). Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performances ang Emissions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 15 (2), pp: 1098-1116.
7. Knothe, G., Matheaus A.C. and Rayan T.W. (2003). Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain Fatty ester determination in ignition quality tester. Elsevier, J. Fuel; Vol. 82 (8), pp: 971-975.
8. Canacki M, et al. (2008). Biodiesel Production From Various Feedstock and Their Effects on The fuel Properties. J. Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. Vol. 35, pp: 431-441.
9. Ma, F. and M.A Hanna. (1999). Biodiesel Production: A review. Bioresources Technology. Vol. 70, pp: 77-82. 10. Fakuda H., Kondo A., and Nonda H. (2001). Biodiesel Fuel Production by Transesterification of Oils. J. Biosci Bioeng, Vol. 92, pp: 405-416.
11. Jitputti, J., Kitiyanan B., Rangsunvigit P., Bunyakiat K., Attanatho L., Jenvanitpanjakul P. (2006). Transesterification of crude palm kernel oil and crude coconut oil by different solid catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 116, pp: 61-66.
12. Gerpen, J.V. (2005). Biodiesel Processing and Production. Jou of Fuel Proc Tech. Vol. 86, pp: 1097-1107.
13. Choo Y.M. (2004). Transesterification of Palm Oil Effect of Reaction parameters. J. Oil Palm Res. Vol. 16 (2), pp: 1-11.
14. Rao Y.R., Zubaidha P.K., Reddy J.N., Kondhare D.D., and Sushma D.S. (2012). Crystalline Manganese Carbonate a Green Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Scientific Research: Green and Sustainable Chemistry. Vol.2, February 2012, pp: 14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gse.2012.21003.
15. Vyas A.P, Verma J. L., Subrahmanyam N. (2011). Effects of Molar Ratio, Alkali Catalyst Concentration and Temperature on Transesterification of Jatropha Oil with Methanol under Ultrasonic Irradiation. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, pp: 45-50.
16. Ma F., Clements, L.D. and Hanna, M.A. (1998). The effect of catalyst, free fatty acid and water on transesterification of beef tallow. Trans ASAE; 41 (5), pp: 1261-1264.
17. Bajpai, D. and Tyagi, V.K. (2006). Biodiesel: Source, Production, Composotion, properties and its Benefits. Journal of Oleo Science, Vol. 55 No. 10 pp: 487-502.
18. Freedman, B., Pyrde E.H., and Mounts T.L. (1984).Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 61, pp: 1638-1643.
19. Meher L.C., Dharmagadda S.S, Vidya., and, Naik S.N.(2005). Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97 (12), pp: 1392-1397.
20. Mac Leod C.S., Harvey A.P., Lee A.F, Wilson K. (2008). Evaluation of the activity and stability of alkali-doped metal oxide catalysts for application to an intensified method of biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering Journal. Vol. 135, No. 1-2, pp: 63-70. ISSN 1385-8947.
21. Auroux A, and Gervanisi A. (1990). Microcalorimetric Study of the acidity and basicity of metal oxide surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. Vol. 94 (16), pp: 6371-6379.
22. Zhang J. and Meng Q., (2014). Preparation of KOH/CaO/C Supported Biodiesel Catalyst and Application Process. World Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2, pp: 184-191.
23. Canacki M, et al. (2008). Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. J. of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. Vol. 35, pp: 431-441.
24. Othner, Kirk. (1996). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 4th, 19, 18-22. New York : Jhon Wiley and Sons.
