Empirical Approach to Predict Ship Resistance in Level Ice
Abstract
Prediction of resistance of ship level ice is very important in initial stage of ship design due to related to propulsion and engine power of a ship. As model scale test is very expensive therefore an accurate tool is required to predict the resistance of a ship in ice. A semi empirical method to predict ship resistance in level ice based Koto method was presented. The ship resistance consisted of ice breaking force due to flexural strength of ice, submersion force due to buoyancy, friction force contact between ice and hull and loss momentum force due to collision. The simulation results were verified with experimental data of three icebreakers: MT Uikku, Hellay and Araon. The method was also compared with other empirical methods: Lindqvist, Riska, Keinonen and Jeong. It was founded that the average errors using the proposed method was 3 % for MT Uikku, 0.3 % for Hellay and 0.4 % for Araon.
##Keywords:##
Ice Resistance; Ice Thickness; Icebreaker.
Published
Jul 30, 2017
How to Cite
KOTO, Jaswar; AFRIZAL, Efi.
Empirical Approach to Predict Ship Resistance in Level Ice.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 45, n. 1, p. 1-8, july 2017.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/179>. Date accessed: 02 may 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v45i1.179.
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21. Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2016, Further study on level ice resistance and channel resistance for an icebreaking vessel, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8 (2016) 169-176.
2. Wilkman, G., & Nini, M, 2011, Arctic transit: the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage offer enormous opportunity while posing enormous challenge. (MT) Marine technology.
3. Lewis. J.W and Edwards. R.Y, 1970, Methods for Predicting Icebreaking and Ice Resistance Characteristics of Icebreakers, November 12--13, 1970, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME), pp.213-249.
4. Jones, S. J, 2004, Ships In Ice - A Review, 25th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, CANADA, 8-13 August 2004.
5. Jones, S. J, 2008, A History of Icebreaking Ships. Journal of Ocean Technology, 3(1), 54-74.
6. Lindqvist, G. (1989). A straightforward method for calculation of ice resistance of ships. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Artic Condition. Lulea, Sweden.
7. Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2016, Further study on level ice resistance and channel resistance for an icebreaking vessel, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8 (2016) 169-176.
8. Hu, J., Zhou, L., May 2015. Experimental and numerical study on ice resistance for icebreaking vessels. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 7 (3), 626-639.
9. Riska, K., Wilhelmson, M., Englund, K., Leivisk€a, T., 1997. Performance of Merchant Vessels in the Baltic. Research Report no 52. Helsinki University of Technology, ship laboratory, Winter Navigation Research Board, Espoo.
10. Jaswar, 2002, A Prediction Method of Ice Breaking Performance of an Icebreaker, Proceeding of Seminar of Physics and Its Application, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.
11. Jaswar, 2005, Determination of Optimum Hull for Ice Ship Going, Proceeding of the 5thOsaka Colloquium on Advanced Research on Ship Viscous Flow and Hull Form Design by EFD and CFD Approaches, Osaka, pp.139-145.
12. Efi Afrizal, Jaswar Koto, 2015, Ice Resistance Performance Analysis of Double Acting Tanker in Astern Condition, Jurnal Teknologi, Vol 69, No 7, pp.73-78.
13. Efi Afrizal, Jaswar Koto, 2016, Review on Development of Ice-Ship Going, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace-Science and Engineering-, Vol.34, pp.6-15.
14. Jeong, S.Y., Lee, C.J., Cho, S.R., 2010. Ice resistance prediction for standard icebreaker model ship. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Beijing, China, 20-25 June 2010, pp. 1300-1304.
15. Jeong. S.Y, Choi. K, Kang. K.J and Ha. J.S, 2017, Prediction of ship resistance in level ice based on empirical approach, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, (2017) 1-11.
16. Tan, X. (2014). Numerical Investigation of Ship's Continuous-Mode Icebreaking in Level Ice. Doctoral Theses. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
17. Tan, X., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2014). Effect of dynamic bending of level ice on ship's continuous-mode icebreaking. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 106, 82-95.
18. Tan, X., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2014). Performance Simulation of a Dual-Direction Ship in Level Ice. Journal of Ship Research, 58(3), 168-181.
19. Tan, X., Su, B., Riska, K., & Moan, T. (2013). A six-degrees-of-freedom numerical model for level ice–ship interaction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 92, 1-16.
20. Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2015, Experimental and numerical study on ice resistance for icebreaking vessels, Int. Journal of Naval Architect and Ocean Engineering, 7:626~639.
21. Hu. J and Zhou. L, 2016, Further study on level ice resistance and channel resistance for an icebreaking vessel, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8 (2016) 169-176.
