Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a clean marine renewable energy using temperature difference between the sea surface and the deep ocean to rotate a generator to produce electrical energy. As Indonesia is an equatorial country located at latitudes less than 20 degrees covered by 77 % ocean, thousand islands, strain and many difference of topography, OTEC is very compatible build in Indonesian. This paper discussed the potential areas of OTEC to be applied in Karangkelong Sulawesi Utara in Indonesia. The paper found that Karangkelong was high potential for application of OTEC. Electricity and fresh water produced by OEC are cheaper than current price market.
Ocean and Aerospace Engineering Research Institute, Indonesia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) has been a turning point for the future economical and environmental policies for both industrialized and developing countries. The vehicle engine manufacturers are continuously working towards reducing fuel consumption and emissions while maintaining optimum performance by keeping the Air to fuel ratio (AFR) as close to the stoichiometric value of 14.7. In the present paper, new simulation model using Matlab Simulink for a SI (Spark-Ignition) engine has been developed that included all engine dynamic models such as dynamic model of the throttle body, a lambda dynamic model, a model of the intake manifold dynamic, and models of engine torque and fuel injection dynamic. Then, to control the AFR in SI engines, new controllers were proposed to maximize fuel economy and minimize exhaust emissions. A hybrid fuzzy logic controller (HFLC) was created by combining a PID control and fuzzy control. However, this model was validated using the results from engine for various operation tests such as 40, 50 and 60 N.m but this paper only presented operation at 60 N.m. The simulation results founded that the maximum and minimum AFR for convectional look-up and HFLC methods were (16.80, 12.4) and (15.02, 14.4), respectively. Simulation results from HFLC was also compared to other control methods such as, sliding mode control (SMC), neural network (NN), Proportional–integral controller (PI) and model-based predictive control (MPC.
Department of Aeronautic, Automotive and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
